The medieval era, also known as the Middle Ages, was a period of about 1,000 years between the fall of the Roman Empire and the onset of the Renaissance in Europe. Despite the classical medieval era ending more than 500 years ago, entire cities from the period are still standing today. For all fanatics of history, scroll through the list below to discover some of Europe’s most beautifully-preserved medieval cities.

One of the most unique cities in Spain, Toledo was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communites have resided here throughout history—and are why the area is known as “City of Three Cultures”. In Toledo, you’ll find numerous historic monuments including beautiful mosques, Sephardic synagogues, and gothic cathedrals dating from the Middle Ages.

Considered one of the best-preserved medieval cities in Europe, Bruges is often referred to as “Venice of the North”. From the 12th to 15th century, the city was a major center of trade. Bruges was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, and has become a major tourist destination ever since. 

Undeniably one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe, Prague is also considered the best-preserved medieval city in Europe. According to UNESCO’s website, the historic city is “a supreme manifestation of Medieval urbanism”. And the Old Town Square holds the city’s prettiest medieval highlight—the oldest still-functioning astronomical clock in the world.

With a long history of battles won and lost, Carcassonne is one of those medieval cities that looks like it's straight out of a children’s fairytale storybook. The fortress walls are 1.9 miles long with 52 monstrous towers designed to protect  the city from attacks. In 1849, the French government decided it should be demolished after it was demilitarized by Napoleon Bonaparte under the Restoration. Fortunately, forceful opposition from the local citizens made an impact,  and it was instead preserved as a historical monument. Carcassonne achieved UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 1997.

Long before Salzburg found fame for its musical connections—like being the birthplace of Mozart, and the setting for the acclaimed Sound of Music—it was one of the finest medieval cities of the Austrian Alps. Another UNESCO World Heritage Site, this mesmerizing old town is known for its old churches, cobblestone streets, and elegant domes and spires. Salzburg is also the location of Hohensalzburg Fortress, one of the largest medieval castles in Europe.

The City of San Marino is one of only two surviving city-states in Italy—and has remained an independent republic since the 13th century. Built to protect the city from outward threats between the 11th and 14th centuries, the city is enclosed by a fortress wall connecting its three watchtowers. Well-preserved and intact in its medieval state, Citta Di San Marino also makes the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list.